Limitation of simple np-n tunnel junction based LEDs grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy

We show evidence that tunnel junctions (TJs) in GaN grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy are dominated by defect level-assisted tunneling. This is in contrast with the common belief that highly doped layers (>10²⁰ cm^-3) are required to narrow the TJ space charge region and promote the band-to-band tunneling. Our conclusion stems from the study and the review of the major doping limitations of carefully optimized p⁺⁺ and n⁺⁺ layers. The secondary ions mass spectroscopy profiles of GaN based TJ LEDs show a strong oxygen concentration located close to the p⁺⁺/n⁺⁺ interface, typical for three dimensional growth. In addition, considering the doping limitation asymmetry and Mg carry-over, our simulations indicate a depletion region of more than 10 nm which is buried in a rough and defective n⁺⁺ layer. However, decent electrical characteristics of the studied TJ based LEDs are obtained, with a low penalty voltage of 1.1 V and a specific differential resistance of about 10^-2 Ω.cm² at 20 mA. This indicates that a common TJ could be greatly optimized by using a moderate doping (∼10¹⁹ cm^-3) while intentionally introducing local defects within the TJ.