Phase transformation in boron under shock compression

Using first-principles molecular dynamics, we calculated the equation of state and shock Hugoniot of various boron phases. We find a large mismatch between Hugoniots based on existing knowledge of the equilibrium phase diagram and those measured by shock experiments, which could be reconciled if the α-B₁₂/β phases are significantly over-pressurized in boron under shock compression. Our results also indicate that there exist an anomaly and negative Clapeyron slope along the melting curve of boron at 100 GPa and 1500-3000 K. These results enable an in-depth understanding of matter under shock compression, in particular the significance of compression-rate dependence of phase transitions and kinetic effects in experimental measurements.