Paleolimnological record of the Pampean plains (Argentina) as a natural archive of South American hydroclimatic variability since the LGM to the Current Warm Period

Laguna Mar Chiquita (LMC, 30°54‧S - 62°51‧W) is a highly variable and shallow saline lake, located in the Pampean Plains of Argentina. The paleolimnological record of LMC contains information on the environmental variability that occurred in a large area of Southern South America since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) until the present. As inferred from the diatom assemblages, sedimentary features and geochemical proxies, prolonged intervals of high and lowstands have caused variations in water salinity, trophic state and sedimentary processes. This is the first paleolimnological reconstruction covering the hydroclimatic variability that occurred over the last 25,000 cal yr BP in the Argentinean Pampean region. Results are in accordance with well-known global climatic phases. The Late Pleistocene record is characterized by a scenario dominated by lowstands, hypersaline, and oligotrophic lake conditions. Radiocarbon ages (25,000-19,000 cal yr BP) indicate that the onset of the record is coeval with the LGM. Later, a progressive lake water level increase was registered at ⁓17,000 cal yr BP, which can be assigned to the Heinrich Stadial 1. A shift toward comparatively drier conditions identified in the record between ⁓14,700 and 13,000 cal yr BP can be chronologically related to the Antarctic Cold Reversal. The transition from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene (13,500-10,500 cal yr BP) is recorded by highstand phases while the Early Holocene record is characterized by high to intermediate water levels. The hydrological reconstruction corresponding to the Mid-Holocene is characterized by alternating phases of high/lowstands. The onset of the Late Holocene record is marked by the development of dry conditions and thus lowstand phases, while around 1300 cal yr BP a distinct water lake level increase is recognized. This humid phase, ascribed to the Medieval Climatic Anomaly, is followed by the record of lowstands between 500 and 1000 cal yr BP, being coeval with the Little Ice Age. The uppermost part of the record of LMC encompasses the Current Warm Period, showing a marked shift towards high lake water level conditions. The hydrological variability registered in the paleolimnological record, highlights the importance of Laguna Mar Chiquita as an outstanding paleoclimate sensor of hydroclimatic variations for a large area of South Eastern South America.