Detailed chemical compositions of planet-hosting stars - I. Exploration of possible planet signatures

We present a line-by-line differential analysis of a sample of 16 planet-hosting stars and 68 comparison stars using high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio spectra gathered using Keck. We obtained accurate stellar parameters and high-precision relative chemical abundances with average uncertainties in T_eff, log g, [Fe/H], and [X/H] of 15 K, 0.034 cm s^-2 , 0.012 dex, and 0.025 dex, respectively. For each planet host, we identify a set of comparison stars and examine the abundance differences (corrected for Galactic chemical evolution effect) as a function of the dust condensation temperature, T_cond, of the individual elements. While we confirm that the Sun exhibits a negative trend between abundance and T_cond, we also confirm that the remaining planet hosts exhibit a variety of abundance-T_cond trends with no clear dependence upon age, metallicity, or T_eff. The diversity in the chemical compositions of planet-hosting stars relative to their comparison stars could reflect the range of possible planet-induced effects present in these planet hosts, from the sequestration of rocky material (refractory poor) to the possible ingestion of planets (refractory rich). Other possible explanations include differences in the time-scale, efficiency and degree of planet formation, or inhomogeneous chemical evolution. Although we do not find an unambiguous chemical signature of planet formation among our sample, the high-precision chemical abundances of the host stars are essential for constraining the composition and structure of their exoplanets.