Life cycle climate change impacts of producing battery metals from land ores versus deep-sea polymetallic nodules
Abstract
Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of metals from land ores versus deep-sea nodules. Using nodules can reduce CO2 emissions by 80% (Ni), 76% (Cu), 29% (Co), and 22% (Mn). Nodules put 94% less sequestered carbon at risk and disrupt sequestration by 88% less. Making 1 billion EV batteries from nodules could reduce atmospheric CO2 by 11.5 Gt.
- Publication:
-
Journal of Cleaner Production
- Pub Date:
- December 2020
- DOI:
- 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123822
- Bibcode:
- 2020JCPro.27523822P
- Keywords:
-
- Life cycle assessment;
- Mining;
- Metal;
- Polymetallic nodules;
- Climate change;
- Carbon sequestration