Neutral Cr and V in the Atmosphere of Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 b
Abstract
Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs), giant exoplanets with equilibrium temperatures above 2000 K, are ideal laboratories for studying metal compositions of planetary atmospheres. At these temperatures the thermal dissociation of metal-rich molecules into their constituent elements makes these atmospheres conducive for elemental characterization. Several elements, mostly ionized metals, have been detected in UHJs recently using high-resolution transit spectroscopy. Even though a number of neutral transition metals (e.g., Fe, Ti, V, Cr) are expected to be strong sources of optical/near-ultraviolet (NUV) opacity and, hence, influence radiative processes in the lower atmospheres of UHJs, only Fe I has been detected to date. We conduct a systematic search for atomic species in the UHJ WASP-121 b. Using theoretical models we present a metric to predict the atomic species likely to be detectable in such planets with high-resolution transmission spectroscopy. We search for the predicted species in observations of WASP-121 b and report the first detections of neutral transition metals Cr I and V I in an exoplanet at 3.6σ and 4.5σ significance, respectively. We confirm previous detections of Fe I and Fe II. Whereas Fe II was detected previously in the NUV, we detect it in the optical. We infer that the neutral elements Fe I, V I, and Cr I are present in the lower atmosphere, as predicted by thermochemical equilibrium, while Fe II is a result of photoionization in the upper atmosphere. Our study highlights the rich chemical diversity of UHJs.
- Publication:
-
The Astrophysical Journal
- Pub Date:
- July 2020
- DOI:
- 10.3847/2041-8213/ab94aa
- arXiv:
- arXiv:2006.05995
- Bibcode:
- 2020ApJ...897L...5B
- Keywords:
-
- Exoplanets;
- High resolution spectroscopy;
- Exoplanet atmospheres;
- Hot Jupiters;
- Radiative transfer;
- Transmission spectroscopy;
- 498;
- 2096;
- 487;
- 753;
- 1335;
- 2133;
- Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
- E-Print:
- Accepted for publication in ApJL