Mid-latitude TIDs as observed in airglow and amateur radio data

A variety of lower atmospheric drivers combined with ionospheric plasma dynamics give rise to traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs), which are prominently observed at mid-latitudes. Airglow observations from the Mid-latitude All-sky-imaging Network for Geophysical Observations (MANGO) routinely show the presence of TIDs at ionospheric F-region propagating in various directions depending on the source mechanism. Similarly, amateur radio networks sensing bottom-side of the ionosphere can decipher presence of medium to large-scale TIDs. While these two techniques are sampling the same region, they are not sampling the same parameters. Airglow observations identify depletions in the background uniform airglow, which in itself is a result from recombining ions and electrons. The radio signals on the other hand bounce off of the bottom side of the conducting layer that is the ionospheric E and F regions depending on the frequency. Here, we present results from a study of TIDs observed both in the airglow observations and in radio observations to learn what these two unique measurement techniques can reveal about TID shape, size, wavelength, and propagation direction. We will also discuss how upcoming installations of new all-sky imager network sampling the thermosphere will improve our understanding of sources of TIDs observed in the F-region both in optical and radio measurements.