Cosmic ray feedback from supernovae in dwarf galaxies

The regulation of the baryonic content in dwarf galaxies is a long-standing problem. Supernovae (SNe) are supposed to play a key role in forming large-scale galactic winds by removing important amounts of gas from galaxies. SNe are efficient accelerators of non-thermal particles, so-called cosmic rays (CRs), which can substantially modify the dynamics of the gas and conditions to form large-scale galactic winds. We investigate how CR injection by SNe impacts the star formation and the formation of large-scale winds in dwarf galaxies, and whether it can produce galaxy star-formation rates (SFR) and wind properties closer to observations. We ran CR magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of dwarf galaxies at high resolution (9 pc) with the adaptive mesh refinement code RAMSES. Those disc galaxies are embedded in isolated halos of mass of 10¹⁰ and 10¹¹ M_⊙, and CRs are injected by SNe. We included CR isotropic and anisotropic diffusion with various diffusion coefficients, CR radiative losses, and CR streaming. The injection of CR energy into the interstellar medium smooths out the highest gas densities, which reduces the SFR by a factor of 2-3. Mass outflow rates are significantly greater with CR diffusion, by 2 orders of magnitudes for the higher diffusion coefficients. Without diffusion and streaming, CRs are inefficient at generating winds. CR streaming alone allows for the formation of winds but which are too weak to match observations. The formation of galactic winds strongly depends on the diffusion coefficient: for low coefficients, CR energy stays confined in high density regions where CR energy losses are highest, and higher coefficients, which allow for a more efficient leaking of CRs out of dense gas, produce stronger winds. CR diffusion leads to colder and denser winds than without CRs, and brings outflow rates and mass loading factors much closer to observations.