A New Mechanism to Make Mars Habitable

To establish an Earth-derived biosphere on the surface of the cold desert planet Mars in future, it is necessary to raise Mars' surface temperature, Ts. We review published warming schemes, synthesize recent relevant discoveries, and propose a new warming scheme using 5 μm-long <0.1μm-diameter conductive rods injected into the atmosphere. We discuss human-robot synergies in the context of warming Mars.