Turbulence in Three-Dimensional Guide-Field Reconnection at the Magnetopause

We analyze the development and influence of turbulence in three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of guide-field magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause with parameters based on observations by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission of an electron diffusion region. Along the separatrices the turbulence is a variant of the lower hybrid drift instability that produces electric field fluctuations in the out-of-plane direction that are much greater than the reconnection electric field but nevertheless keep the electrons frozen-in. Nevertheless, the turbulence provide significant transport of momentum across the magnetopause. At the X-line the electrons are not frozen-in and the turbulence makes a significant net contribution to the generalized Ohm's law. Such behavior has been identified in the MMS data. The turbulence controls the scale lengths of the density profile and current layers in asymmetric reconnection, and produces significant anomalous resistivity and viscosity in the electron diffusion region.