Relativistic Tidal Disruption and Nuclear Ignition of White Dwarf Stars by Intermediate-mass Black Holes
Abstract
We present results from general relativistic calculations of the tidal disruption of white dwarf stars from near encounters with intermediate-mass black holes. We follow the evolution of 0.2 M ⊙ and 0.6 M ⊙ stars on parabolic trajectories that approach 103-104 M ⊙ black holes as close as a few Schwarzschild radii at periapsis, paying particular attention to the effect that tidal disruption has on thermonuclear reactions and the synthesis of intermediate-mass to heavy elements. These encounters create diverse thermonuclear environments that are characteristic of Type I supernovae and capable of producing both intermediate-mass and heavy elements in arbitrary ratios, depending on the strength (or proximity) of the interaction. Nuclear ignition is triggered in all of our calculations, even at weak tidal strengths β ∼ 2.6 and large periapsis radius R P ∼ 28 Schwarzschild radii. A strong inverse correlation exists between the mass ratio of calcium-group to iron-group elements and tidal strength, with β ≲ 5 producing predominantly calcium-rich debris. At these moderate to weak interactions, nucleosynthesis is not especially efficient, limiting the total mass and outflows of calcium-group elements to <15% of available nuclear fuel. Iron-group elements, however, continue to be produced in greater quantity and ratio with increasing tidal strength, peaking at ∼60% mass conversion efficiency in our closest encounter cases. These events generate short bursts of gravitational waves with characteristic frequencies 0.1-0.7 Hz and strain amplitudes from 0.5 × 10-22 to 3.5 × 10-22 at a source distance of 10 Mpc.
- Publication:
-
The Astrophysical Journal
- Pub Date:
- September 2018
- DOI:
- 10.3847/1538-4357/aadad9
- arXiv:
- arXiv:1808.05664
- Bibcode:
- 2018ApJ...865....3A
- Keywords:
-
- black hole physics;
- hydrodynamics;
- nuclear reactions;
- nucleosynthesis;
- abundances;
- stars: black holes;
- white dwarfs;
- Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
- E-Print:
- 24 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal