Probing Episodic Accretion in Very Low Luminosity Objects

Episodic accretion has been proposed as a solution to the long-standing luminosity problem in star formation; however, the process remains poorly understood. We present observations of line emission from N₂H⁺ and CO isotopologues using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in the envelopes of eight very low luminosity objects (VeLLOs). In five of the sources the spatial distribution of emission from N₂H⁺ and CO isotopologues shows a clear anticorrelation. It is proposed that this is tracing the CO snow line in the envelopes: N₂H⁺ emission is depleted toward the center of these sources, in contrast to the CO isotopologue emission, which exhibits a peak. The positions of the CO snow lines traced by the N₂H⁺ emission are located at much larger radii than those calculated using the current luminosities of the central sources. This implies that these five sources have experienced a recent accretion burst because the CO snow line would have been pushed outward during the burst because of the increased luminosity of the central star. The N₂H⁺ and CO isotopologue emission from DCE161, one of the other three sources, is most likely tracing a transition disk at a later evolutionary stage. Excluding DCE161, five out of seven sources (i.e., ∼70%) show signatures of a recent accretion burst. This fraction is larger than that of the Class 0/I sources studied by Jørgensen et al. and Frimann et al., suggesting that the interval between accretion episodes in VeLLOs is shorter than that in Class 0/I sources.