Application of Marchenko Redatuming and Imaging to Data from the Frio Carbon Sequestration Experiment

Marchenko redatuming and imaging method is investigated for subsurface imaging and carbon sequestration monitoring. The Marchenko redatuming and imaging technique can eliminate disturbing effects of overburden structure by placing virtual sources near target structures in complex areas for seismic imaging. In this study, the Marchenko approach is first tested using synthetic example based on the Frio experiment. The Marchenko technique is next applied to observed data from the Frio experiment and compared with conventional vertical seismic profiling corridor stacks. Marchenko inversion is then used to image the injection zone with the pre- and post-injection data and is compared with the conventional processing corridor difference stacks. In each case, a good agreement was found. The Marchenko result was also found to be slightly better for the time-lapse image trace near the injection zone. Marchenko redatuming and imaging provides a cost effective alternative to conventional VSP processing for monitoring CO₂ injection at the target zone and has the potential of providing enhanced images of the subsurface.