Onset and progression factors in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement mainly affecting individuals over age 65. It is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, which results in dopamine deficiency and impaired motor and non-motor functions. PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world after Alzheimer's disease with a prevalence of 1 per 300 people in Canada with incidence increasing with age. Pesticide exposure, head injury, rural living, well-water drinking, farming occupation, and family history of PD were identified as risk factors for PD onset. Constipation, depression, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), erectile dysfunction, hip fractures, and olfaction are recognized as prodromal markers of this disease. Interventions aimed at reducing pesticide exposure and head injuries may reduce PD incidence.
- Publication:
-
NeuroToxicology
- Pub Date:
- July 2017
- DOI:
- 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.003
- Bibcode:
- 2017NeuTx..61..132M
- Keywords:
-
- Parkinson's disease;
- Onset;
- Disease progression;
- Systematic review