The Lyman continuum escape fraction of galaxies at z = 3.3 in the VUDS-LBC/COSMOS field

Context. The ionizing Lyman continuum flux escaping from high-redshift galaxies into the intergalactic medium is a fundamental quantity to understand the physical processes involved in the reionization epoch. However, from an observational point of view, direct detections of HI ionizing photons at high redshifts are feasible for galaxies mainly in the interval z ~ 3-4.
Aims: We have investigated a sample of star-forming galaxies at z ~ 3.3 to search for possible detections of Lyman continuum ionizing photons escaping from galaxy halos.
Methods: We used deep ultraviolet (UV) imaging in the COSMOS field, obtained with the prime focus camera LBC at the LBT telescope, along with a catalogue of spectroscopic redshifts obtained by the VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey (VUDS) to build a sample of 45 galaxies at z ~ 3.3 with L> 0.5 L^∗. We obtained deep LBC images of galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts in the interval 3.27 <z< 3.40 both in the R- and deep U-bands (magnitude limit U ~ 29.7 at S/N = 1). At these redshifts, the R-band samples the non-ionizing 1500 Å rest-frame luminosity and the U-band samples the rest-frame spectral region just short-ward of the Lyman edge at 912 Å. Their flux ratio is related to the ionizing escape fraction after statistical removal of the absorption by the intergalactic medium along the line of sight.
Results: A subsample of ten galaxies apparently shows escape fractions >28%, but a detailed analysis of their properties reveals that, with the exception of two marginal detections (S/N ~ 2) in the U-band, all the other eight galaxies are most likely contaminated by the UV flux of low-redshift interlopers located close (in angular position) to the high-z targets. The average escape fraction derived from the stacking of the cleaned sample was constrained to f_esc^rel < 2%. The implied hydrogen photoionization rate is a factor two lower than that needed to keep the intergalactic medium ionized at z ~ 3, as observed in the Lyman-α forest of high-z quasar spectra or by the proximity effect.
Conclusions: These results support a scenario where high redshift, relatively bright (L ≥ 0.5L^∗) star-forming galaxies alone are unable to sustain the level of ionization observed in the cosmic intergalactic medium at z ~ 3. Star-forming galaxies at higher redshift and at fainter luminosities (L ≪ L^∗) can only be major contributors to the reionization of the Universe if their physical properties are subject to rapid changes from z ~ 3 to z ~ 6-10. Alternatively, ionizing sources could be discovered looking for fainter sources among the active galactic nuclei population at high redshift.

Based on data obtained with the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope, Paranal, Chile, under Large Programme 185.A-0791 and on observations made at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) at Mt. Graham (Arizona, USA).