A New Constraint on the Physical Nature of Damped Lyman Alpha Systems

The formation and evolution of galaxies require large reservoirs of cold, neutral gas. The damped Lyα systems (DLAs), seen in absorption toward distant quasars and gamma-ray bursts, are predicted to be the dominant reservoirs for this gas. Detailed properties of DLAs have been studied extensively for decades with great success. However, their size, fundamental in understanding their nature, has remained elusive, as quasar and gamma-ray-burst sightlines only probe comparatively tiny areas of the foreground DLAs. Here, we introduce a new approach to measure the full extent of DLAs in the sightlines to extended background sources. We present the discovery of a high-column-density (log N(H i) = 21.1 ± 0.4 cm^-2) DLA at z∼ 2.4 covering 90%-100% of the luminous extent of a line-of-sight background galaxy. Estimates of the size of the background galaxy range from a minimum of a few kpc² to ∼100 kpc² and demonstrate that high-column-density neutral gas can span continuous areas 10⁸-10¹⁰ times larger than previously explored in quasar or gamma-ray-burst sightlines. The DLA presented here is the first from a sample of DLAs in our pilot survey that searches Lyman break and Lyman continuum galaxies at high redshift. The low luminosities, large sizes, and mass contents (≳10⁶-10⁹ {M}_⊙ ) implied by this DLA and the early data suggest that DLAs contain the necessary fuel for galaxies, with many systems consistent with relatively massive, low-luminosity primeval galaxies.