The Impacts of Numerical Schemes on Asymmetric Hurricane Intensification

The fundamental pathways for tropical cyclone (TC) intensification are explored by considering axisymmetric and asymmetric impulsive thermal perturbations to balanced, TC-like vortices using the dynamic cores of three different numerical models. Attempts at reproducing the results of previous work, which used the community atmospheric model WRF (Nolan and Grasso 2003; NG03), revealed a discrepancy with the impacts of purely asymmetric thermal forcing. The current study finds that thermal asymmetries can have an important, largely positive role on the vortex intensification whereas NG03 and other studies find that asymmetric impacts are negligible. Analysis of the spectral energetics of each numerical model indicates that the vortex response to asymmetric thermal perturbations is significantly damped in WRF relative to the other numerical models. Spectral kinetic energy budgets show that this anomalous damping is due to the increased removal of kinetic energy from the convergence of the vertical pressure flux, which is related to the flux of inertia-gravity wave energy. The increased kinetic energy in the other two models is shown to originate around the scales of the heating and propagate upscale with time. For very large thermal amplitudes (~ 50 K and above), the anomalous removal of kinetic energy due to inertia-gravity wave activity is much smaller resulting in little differences between models. The results of this paper indicate that the numerical treatment of small-scale processes that project strongly onto inertia-gravity wave energy are responsible for these differences, with potentially important impacts for the understanding and prediction of TC intensification.