3D millimeter wave imaging of vertical cracks and its application for the inspection of HDPE pipes

Robust detection of vertical cracks in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes is a challenging task for the majority of nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques. Vertical cracks are specifically referred to those whose largest planar view is parallel to the signal direction of propagation, leaving very little signal to be scattered for detection. In such pipes this commonly occurs between two pipes sections when thermally or adhesively joined. This work presents the utility and efficacy of three-dimensional (3D) millimeter wave holographical imaging based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) algorithm for imaging such cracks. Such a 3D millimeter wave image can readily represent the type, size, and location of various flaws within a structure. Two-dimensional (2D) slices of the 3D image, at different orientations, can also be readily produced showing the cross-sectional views of the structure and flaws, further aiding in identifying, and sizing a flaw or vertical crack. Imaging results for planner and curved (pipe section) specimen with machined flaws are presented. These images are produced using a novel field-portable, small, and low-cost wideband millimeter-wave reflectometer capable of rapid 3D image production.