Magnetic Reconnection During Major Magnetospheric Storms

We combine imaging of the proton aurora from the SI12-IMAGE instrument with ionospheric convection measurement from the SuperDARN radar network to analyze the cycle of magnetic flux opening and closure of the Earth magnetosphere. Interaction between the solar wind and the Earth geomagnetic environment causes a reconfiguration of the magnetic field that connects the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) to the geomagnetic field. This reconnection process produces open magnetic field lines (i.e. field lines of the magnetosphere that close through the interplanetary medium) that are dragged to the magnetotail by the solar wind flow, where they eventually reconnect again, back to a closed topology. The SI12 imaging of the Doppler-shifted Lyman-α emission of the proton aurora is used to estimate the location of the boundary separating open and closed field lines at ionospheric altitude. We then estimate the open magnetic flux of the Earth magnetosphere, encircled by this boundary. The rate of reconnection causing a variation of the open magnetic flux can be expressed as a voltage in application of Faraday's law. This voltage is measured along the open/closed field line boundary determined from the imaging data. The electric field associated with the voltage has two origins: motion of the boundary and the ionospheric field. We use the ionospheric electric field deduced from ionospheric convection measurement from the SuperDARN to estimate the reconnection voltage at the magnetopause (flux opening) and in the magnetotail (flux closure) accounting for the motion of the open/closed field line boundary determined from the SI12 images. The method is applied during several (strong) geomagnetic storms. These intervals are characterized by large values of open flux and reconnection rates, as a result of coupling between the solar wind and the geomagnetic environment. We present these results in terms of a magnetospheric mode that develops under strong coupling with the solar wind, a condition known to be prone to the development of sawtooth events, characterized by overloading of the magnetosphere with open magnetic flux.