Interband tunneling near the merging transition of Dirac cones

Motivated by a recent experiment in a tunable graphene analog [Tarruell , NatureNATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature10871 483, 302 (2012)], we consider a generalization of the Landau-Zener problem to the case of a quadratic crossing between two bands in the vicinity of the merging transition of Dirac cones. The latter is described by the so-called universal Hamiltonian. In this framework, the interband tunneling problem depends on two dimensionless parameters: one measures the proximity to the merging transition and the other the adiabaticity of the motion. Under the influence of a constant force, the probability for a particle to tunnel from the lower to the upper band is computed numerically in the whole range of these two parameters and analytically in different limits using (i) the Stückelberg theory for two successive linear band crossings, (ii) diabatic perturbation theory, (iii) adiabatic perturbation theory, and (iv) a modified Stückelberg formula. We obtain a complete phase diagram and explain the presence of probability oscillations in terms of interferences between two poles in the complex time plane. We also compare our results to the above-mentioned experiment.