Geological and radiological studies of the Mount Arafat, Mekkah, Saudi Arabia

Mount Arafat is a sacred place for Muslims. It has been classified as a granodiorite rock which mainly consists of feldspar and quartz, muscovite, etc. During the Hajj and Umra, Muslims visit this holly place and stay there for some time. In order to study the geology and thermal history as well as to assess the radiological hazards due to the presence of primordial radionuclides, systematic studies using petrographic, fission track dating and γ-spectrometric (HPGe) techniques were carried out. Our study yielded fission track age of 9.13 ± 1.05 Ma of the Mount Arafat granodiorite. Rifting, magmatism, volcanism and sea floor spreading that resulted in the formation of Red Sea seems may have altered the original age of the Arafat granodiorite under study to 9.13 ± 1.05 Ma. Measured radioactivity concentrations due to ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were found to be 10.75 ± 3.92, 29.21 ± 4.34 and 664.49 ± 7.45 Bq kg^‑1, respectively. From the measured radioactivity, gamma index (Iγ) and radium equivalent (Ra_eq) were calculated as 0.402 and 103.23 Bq kg^‑1 whereas outdoor external dose (D_out) and annual effective dose (E_out) were estimated to be 40.30 nGyh^‑1 and 0.045 mSvy^‑1 respectively. All the above mentioned values are well below the recommended limits. The Mount Arafat thus does not pose any radiological health hazard to the general public.