Anisotropy and non-universality in scaling laws of the large scale energy spectrum in rotating turbulence

Rapidly rotating turbulent flow is characterized by the emergence of columnar structures that are representative of quasi-two dimensional behavior of the flow. It is known that when energy is injected into the fluid at an intermediate scale L_f, it cascades towards smaller as well as larger scales. In this paper we analyze the flow in the inverse cascade range at a small but fixed Rossby number, Ro 0.05. Several numerical simulations with helical and non-helical forcing functions are considered in periodic boxes with unit aspect ratio. In order to resolve the inverse cascade range with reasonably large Reynolds number, the analysis is based on large eddy simulations which include the effect of helicity on eddy viscosity and eddy noise. Thus, we model the small scales and resolve explicitly the large scales. We show that the large-scale energy spectrum has at least two solutions: one that is consistent with Kolmogorov-Kraichnan-Batchelor-Leith phenomenology for the inverse cascade of energy in two-dimensional (2D) turbulence with k_{perp}^{-5/3} scaling, and the other that corresponds to a steeper k_{perp}^{-3} spectrum in which the three-dimensional (3D) modes release a substantial fraction of their energy per unit time to 2D modes. {The spectrum that} emerges {depends on} the anisotropy of the forcing function, the former solution prevailing for forcings in which more energy is injected into 2D modes while the latter prevails for isotropic forcing. In the case of anisotropic forcing, whence the energy goes from the 2D to the 3D modes at low wavenumbers, large-scale shear is created resulting in another time scale tau_{sh}, associated with shear, thereby producing a k^{-1} spectrum for the total energy with the 2D modes still following a k_{perp}^{-5/3} scaling.