On Cosmic Ray Modulation in the Heliosheath and beyond the Heliopause

Two of the paradigms in modeling the transport of galactic cosmic rays are that the modulation boundary is the heliopause and that the local interstellar spectra are identical to the galactic cosmic ray spectra. Here we demonstrate, that the proton spectrum is already modulated, due to an altered interstellar diffusion coefficient in the outer heliosheath as a consequence of the heliospheric "obstacle" in the interstellar flow. The main modulation effect however is adiabatic energy losses during a "confinement time" of cosmic rays inside the heliosphere. Additionally, we show that the anomalous cosmic rays diffuse beyond the heliopause and contribute to the galactic cosmic ray spectrum in the lower energy range.