Detailed 2-D imaging of the Mediterranean outflow and meddies off W Iberia from multichannel seismic data

Reprocessing of a 326-km long multichannel seismic line acquired in the Tagus Abyssal Plain off W Iberia in 1991 allowed detailed imaging of the thermohaline structure of several mesoscale features within the water column. The interpretation was supported by subsurface float measurements, Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) maps and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) images contemporaneous with the acquisition of the seismic data. Clear images were obtained of the reflective patterns associated with one previously known and one newly discovered meddy, one cyclone, the upper and lower cores of the Mediterranean Undercurrent, and the interface of the high-salinity tongue of the Mediterranean Water with the North Atlantic Central Water. These reveal a complexity and a detail of the lateral variations of the thermohaline structure not easily observed by conventional physical oceanography tools. The mesoscale structures were imaged via reflections from oceanic fine structures of scale 30 m or less. We compare the characteristics of observed reflections with known mechanisms of fine-structure production. Most of the observed reflections are consistent with internal waves and thermohaline intrusions as previously hypothesized. We postulate a new mechanism to explain the formation of the steeply sloping reflections that outline the meddy and other features, involving frontogenetic isopycnal advection, formation of thermohaline intrusions, and tilting of the intrusive layers by mesoscale shear flows. The imaging technique therefore shows the relationship between mesoscale features and the fine-scale oceanographic phenomena associated with mixing, including steeply-sloped structures that would otherwise not be tracked using CTD profiles alone.