Limits to Poisson's ratio in isotropic materials

A long-standing question is why Poisson’s ratio ν nearly always exceeds 0.2 for isotropic materials, whereas classical elasticity predicts ν to be between -1 to (1)/(2) . We show that the roots of quadratic relations from classical elasticity divide ν into three possible ranges: -1<ν≤0 , 0≤ν≤(1)/(5) , and (1)/(5)≤ν<(1)/(2) . Since elastic properties are unique there can be only one valid set of roots, which must be (1)/(5)≤ν<(1)/(2) for consistency with the behavior of real materials. Materials with Poisson’s ratio outside of this range are rare, and tend to be either very hard (e.g., diamond, beryllium etc.) or porous (e.g., auxetic foams); such substances have more complex behavior than can be described by classical elasticity. Thus, classical elasticity is inapplicable whenever ν<(1)/(5) , and the use of the equations from classical elasticity for such materials is inappropriate.