χ2 and Poissonian Data: Biases Even in the High-Count Regime and How to Avoid Them

We demonstrate that two approximations to the χ² statistic as popularly employed by observational astronomers for fitting Poisson-distributed data can give rise to intrinsically biased model parameter estimates, even in the high-count regime, unless care is taken over the parameterization of the problem. For a small number of problems, previous studies have shown that the fractional bias introduced by these approximations is often small when the counts are high. However, we show that for a broad class of problem, unless the number of data bins is far smaller than √{N_c}, where N_c is the total number of counts in the data set, the bias will still likely be comparable to, or even exceed, the statistical error. Conversely, we find that fits using Cash's C-statistic give comparatively unbiased parameter estimates when the counts are high. Taking into account their well-known problems in the low-count regime, we conclude that these approximate χ² methods should not routinely be used for fitting an arbitrary, parameterized model to Poisson-distributed data, irrespective of the number of counts per bin, and instead the C-statistic should be adopted. We discuss several practical aspects of using the C-statistic in modeling real data. We illustrate the bias for two specific problems—measuring the count rate from a light curve and obtaining the temperature of a thermal plasma from its X-ray spectrum measured with the Chandra X-ray observatory. In the context of X-ray astronomy, we argue the bias could give rise to systematically miscalibrated satellites and a ~5-10% shift in galaxy cluster scaling relations.