Detection of Quiescent Galaxies in a Bicolor Sequence from Z = 0-2

We investigate the properties of quiescent and star-forming galaxy populations to z ~ 2 with purely photometric data, employing a novel rest-frame color-selection technique. From the UKIDSS Ultra-Deep Survey Data Release 1, with matched optical and mid-infrared photometry taken from the Subaru-XMM Deep Survey and Spitzer Wide-Area Infrared Extragalactic Survey, respectively, we construct a K-selected galaxy catalog and calculate photometric redshifts. Excluding stars, objects with uncertain z _phot solutions, those that fall in bad or incomplete survey regions, and those for which reliable rest-frame colors could not be derived, 30,108 galaxies with K < 22.4 (AB) and z _phot <= 2.5 remain. The galaxies in this sample are found to occupy two distinct populations in the rest-frame U - V versus V - J color space: a clump of red, quiescent galaxies (analogous to the red sequence) and a track of star-forming galaxies extending from blue to red U - V colors. This bimodal behavior is seen up to z ~ 2. Due to a combination of measurement errors and passive evolution, the color-color diagram is not suitable to distinguish the galaxy bimodality at z > 2 for this sample, but we show that MIPS 24 μm data suggest that a significant population of quiescent galaxies exists even at these higher redshifts. At z = 1-2, the most luminous objects in the sample are divided roughly equally between star-forming and quiescent galaxies, while at lower redshifts most of the brightest galaxies are quiescent. Moreover, quiescent galaxies at these redshifts are clustered more strongly than those actively forming stars, indicating that galaxies with early-quenched star formation may occupy more massive host dark matter halos. This suggests that the end of star formation is associated with, and perhaps brought about by, a mechanism related to halo mass.

Based in part on data collected at Subaru Telescope through the "Subaru Observatory Project," which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.