Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: A review
Abstract
Mycotoxins are small (MW ∼700), toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by a few fungal species that readily colonise crops and contaminate them with toxins in the field or after harvest. Ochratoxins and Aflatoxins are mycotoxins of major significance and hence there has been significant research on broad range of analytical and detection techniques that could be useful and practical. Due to the variety of structures of these toxins, it is impossible to use one standard technique for analysis and/or detection. Practical requirements for high-sensitivity analysis and the need for a specialist laboratory setting create challenges for routine analysis. Several existing analytical techniques, which offer flexible and broad-based methods of analysis and in some cases detection, have been discussed in this manuscript. There are a number of methods used, of which many are lab-based, but to our knowledge there seems to be no single technique that stands out above the rest, although analytical liquid chromatography, commonly linked with mass spectroscopy is likely to be popular. This review manuscript discusses (a) sample pre-treatment methods such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE), (b) separation methods such as (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) and (c) others such as ELISA. Further currents trends, advantages and disadvantages and future prospects of these methods have been discussed.
- Publication:
-
Analytica Chimica Acta
- Pub Date:
- 2009
- DOI:
- 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.010
- Bibcode:
- 2009AcAC..632..168T
- Keywords:
-
- APCI;
- atmospheric pressure chemical ionization;
- BEN;
- Balkan Endemic Nephropathy;
- C-18;
- octadecylsilane column;
- CCα;
- decision limit [in food quality analysis];
- CCβ;
- decision capability [in food quality analysis];
- CE;
- capillary electrophoresis;
- CI-ELISA;
- competitive indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay;
- CO <SUB>2</SUB>;
- carbon dioxide;
- DAD;
- diode array detection;
- DNA;
- deoxyribonucleic acid;
- ECD;
- electron capture detection;
- ELISA;
- enzyme linked immunosorbent assay;
- ELSD;
- evaporative laser scattering detector;
- FAO;
- food and agricultural organisation;
- FI;
- flame ionisation;
- FID;
- flame ionisation detector;
- FD;
- fluorescence detection;
- FTIR;
- fourier transform infrared spectroscopy;
- GC;
- gas chromatography;
- GC-ECD;
- gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection;
- GC-MS;
- gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy;
- HPLC;
- high performance liquid chromatography;
- HPLC-DAD;
- high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection;
- HPLC-ELSD;
- HPLC coupled with an evaporative laser scattering detector;
- HPLC-FD;
- high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection;
- HT-2;
- HT-2 toxin;
- IA;
- immuno affinity;
- IAC;
- immuno affinity columns;
- IARC;
- International Agency for Research on Cancer;
- IgG;
- antibody;
- LC-MS;
- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry;
- LLC;
- liquid-liquid chromatography;
- LLE;
- liquid-liquid extractioin;
- LOD;
- limits of detection;
- LOQ;
- limits of quantification;
- MAbs;
- monoclonal antibodies;
- McAb;
- monoclonal antibody;
- MEECK;
- microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography;
- MIP;
- molecularly imprinted polymers;
- MS;
- mass spectroscopy;
- MW;
- molecular weight;
- nano-RP-HPLC-ESI-MS;
- nano-reversed-phase HPLC-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry;
- NICI;
- negative ion chemical ionisation;
- NIP;
- non-imprinted polymer;
- OPA;
- o-phthaldialdehyde;
- PCA;
- principal component analysis;
- pH;
- power of hydrogen;
- PLS;
- partial least squares;
- ppb;
- parts per billion;
- ppm;
- parts per million;
- RNA;
- ribonucleic acid;
- RP;
- reverse phase;
- SAX;
- strong anion exchange;
- SFE;
- supercritical fluid extraction;
- SIIA;
- sequential injection immunoassay;
- SPE;
- solid phase extraction;
- SPME;
- solid phase microextraction;
- SPME-LC-MS/MS;
- solid phase micro extraction- coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy;
- SPR;
- surface plasmon resonance;
- T-2;
- T-2 toxin;
- TLC;
- thin layer chromatography;
- TRL;
- time resolved luminescence;
- WHO;
- World Health Organisation;
- 15-ADON;
- 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol;
- 3-ADON;
- 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol aka Vomitoxin;
- AFB-1;
- Aflatoxin B1;
- AFM1;
- Aflatoxin-M1;
- AFT;
- Aflatoxin;
- BEA;
- beauvericin;
- CIT;
- citrinin;
- CPZ;
- cyclopiazonic acid;
- DAS;
- diacetoxyscirpenol;
- DDB;
- 1;
- 2-diamino-4;
- 5-dichlorobenzene;
- DES;
- diethylstilbestrol;
- DHES;
- dihydroergosine;
- DIS;
- diphenylindenone sulphonyl ester of trichothecene mycotoxins;
- DON;
- deoxynivalenol;
- FB1;
- fuminosin B1;
- FB2;
- fuminosin B2;
- MPA;
- mycophenolic acid;
- NIV;
- nivalenol;
- OTA;
- ochratoxin;
- PAT;
- patulin;
- STE;
- sterigmatocystin;
- TRC;
- trichothecenes;
- ZEA;
- zearalone;
- ZEL;
- zearalenol;
- Zeranol;
- zearalanol;
- ZON;
- zearalanone