Microcalorimeter Instruments for the Spectrum-R(X)G and NeXT Missions

X-ray spectrometers utilizing a microcalorimeter array are presently under study for the Russian Spectrum R-G (or Spectrum-X-Gamma) mission, which is to be launched in 2011, and for the Japanese NeXT (New X-ray Telescope or Non-thermal energy eXploration Telescope) mission, whose launch is expected to be in 2012 to 2015. The primary instrument of Spectrum R-G is eROSITA, which will make an all sky survey in the 0.1 10 keV range using an array of seven telescopes and X-ray CCD cameras. The mission also carries smaller instruments, a wide-field monitor (Lobster) and a hard X-ray telescope (ART). We are proposing SXC—the Spectrum-X Calorimeter—to obtain spatially-resolved precision spectra of a number of nearby massive clusters of galaxies during an initial 6-month pointed phase, and to obtain a detailed spectral map of the soft X-ray diffuse background during the 4-year survey phase. The NeXT mission is a combination of wide band X-ray spectroscopy provided by multi-layer coating, focusing X-ray mirrors and pixel detectors, and high resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy by microcalorimeter instrument, SXS—the Soft X-ray Spectrometer. The effective area of the SXS is about 20 times larger than that of SXC at the iron K line energy (6.7 keV) while the solid angle of the field of view is by a factor of 15 smaller. One of the major scientific objectives of SXS is to determine turbulent and/or macroscopic velocities in the hot gas of distant clusters of galaxies. Both of the instruments will use 6×6 microcalorimeter array similar to the one launched on Suzaku, while both will adopt a ³He Joule Thomson cooler and two-stage Stirling cycle in the cryogenic systems. The ³He Joule Thomson cooler provides a thermal guard to liquid He but it can also work as a 1.8 K heat bath for the adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator.