Complete Chemical Analyses of Amphibole and Biotite: Evidence for Thermal Input and Volatile Loss in Shallow Silicic Magma Chambers by Multiple Mafic Magma Recharge Events at Lassen Volcanic Center

The effects of periodic recharge of mafic magma into or under silicic magma bodies were investigated by acquiring complete chemical compositions, including Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio, water content, and D/H ratio microanalyses, for coexisting biotite (Bt) and amphibole (magnesiohornblende, MHb) separates from silicic volcanic rocks at the Lassen Volcanic Center, California. Eruptive units studied include the ~35 ka rhyolite of Kings Creek lava and pyroclastic flow complex (~70 wt% SiO2), the ~27 ka multi-lobed dacite of Lassen Peak dome complex (70 - 66 wt% SiO2), the ~1.1 ka Chaos Crags dome and pyroclastic flow complex (70 - 68 wt% SiO2), and the 1915 eruptions of Lassen Peak (63.9 - 59.5 wt% SiO2). Key findings to date include the following: (1) Bt and MHb cation chemistry is monotonous. (2) MHb always contains minor amounts of Bt. (3) Chaos Crags samples were least affected by low or high temperature post- eruption alteration. From the oldest to youngest Crags eruptions, Bt water contents dropped dramatically and Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios concomitantly increased. MHb has a weaker, noisier inverse trend in water contents and Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios. Corresponding δD values for Bt range from -75 to -30 ‰, while MHb δD values are confined to a narrower range (-71 to -52 ‰). (4) The most water-enriched Bt (up to 5.6 wt%) and MHb (up to 2.5 wt%) is present in the lithic pyroclastic flow of Kings Creek. (5) Lassen Peak dacitic samples have oxy-Bt (2.5 - 1.7 wt% H2O) and surviving oxy-MHb (1.9 - 1.6 wt% H2O) that are among the driest in rocks of the eruptive sequences. (6) MHb from 1915 units is almost completely reacted to an anhydrous mineral assemblage (pyx, plag, opq), and oxy-Bt have low H2O contents and high Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios for dome (2.1 wt% and 2.0) and lava flow (2.2 wt% and 1.6) separates, respectively. These relations are interpreted to indicate that thermal input from mafic magma recharge events and degassing in perturbed silicic magma chambers are primary driving forces for changes in hydrous mineral H2O contents, δD values, and Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios.