SHARC-2 350 μm Observations of Distant Submillimeter-selected Galaxies

We present 350 μm observations of 15 Chapman et al. submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) with radio counterparts and optical redshifts. We detect 12 and obtain sensitive upper limits for three, providing direct, precise measurements of their far-infrared luminosities and characteristic dust temperatures. With these, we verify the linear radio-far-infrared correlation at redshifts of z~1-3 and luminosities of 10¹¹-10¹³ L_solar, with a power-law index of 1.02+/-0.12 and rms scatter of 0.12 dex. However, either the correlation constant q or the dust emissivity index β is lower than measured locally. The best-fitting q~=2.14 is consistent with SMGs being predominantly starbust galaxies, without significant AGN contribution, at far-infrared wavelengths. Gas-to-dust mass ratios are estimated at 54⁺¹⁴_-11(κ_850μm/0.15 m² kg^-1), depending on the absoption efficiency κ_ν, with intrinsic dispersion ~=40% around the mean value. Dust temperatures consistent with 34.6+/-3 K (1.5/β)^0.71, at z~1.5-3.5, suggest that far-infrared photometric redshifts may be viable, and perhaps accurate to 10%<~dz/(1+z), for up to 80% of the SMG population in this range, if the above temperature characterizes the full range of SMGs. However, observed temperature evolution of T_d~(1+z) is also plausible and could result from selection effects. From the observed luminosity-temperature (L-T) relation, L~T^2.82+/-0.29_obs, we derive scaling relations for dust mass versus dust temperature, and we identify expressions to interrelate the observed quantities. These suggest that measurements at a single wavelength, in the far-infrared, submillimeter, or radio wave bands, might constrain dust temperatures and far-infrared luminosities for most SMGs with redshifts at z~0.5-4.