Turbulence and Anomalous Resistivity in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection

In collisionless magnetic reconnection, the nonlinear interaction between the particles and plasma wave can transfer the energy between particles and magnetic field. Small-scale turbulence generated by a microstability can act as quasi-collisions and give rise to anomalous resistivity and accelerate the diffusion process.We explore the role of turbulence in collionless magnetic reconnection with full particle 3D simulations and theoretical analysis. We found turbulence drag force around x-line and separatrices together with electron inertia and pressure tensor break the frozen-in condition.In our 3D simulation, turbulence caused by the Buneman instability. The birth and death of electron holes cause an intense fluctuation of electric field, which scatter and heat the electrons. The drag force < & n &E > compete with the reconnection electric field < E >.In the 3D simulation, the anomalous drag spread from the region around x-lines and separatrices,located in the region of high current.