The Potential of Stomatal Frequency Analysis as a Paleo-Altimeter

Quantitative estimations of paleo-elevation are invaluable for setting boundary conditions in both orogenic and paleo-climate models. Ideally, these estimates are based on the reconstruction of a physical parameter changing predictably with altitude, independent of latitude or atmospheric circulation patterns. One such parameter is CO2 partial pressure that declines with the decrease in atmospheric pressure over altitude in an entirely predictable manner. The CO2 partial pressure can be estimated through stomatal frequency analysis of fossil leaves, which has been used extensively to generate paleo-CO2 reconstructions throughout the Phanerozoic. If sea-level atmospheric CO2 levels are known, either through stomatal frequency analysis of sea-level floras or alternative methods, altitude can theoretically be estimated by determining the difference in CO2 partial pressure between sea level and a flora from unknown higher elevation. Thus, stomatal analysis of fossil leaves should be applicable to reconstruct paleo-elevation, and in this study we validate the potential of different tree species, both angiosperm and conifer, as paleo-altimeters by (1) developing calibration curves of stomatal frequency vs altitude in modern trees, (2) estimating prediction errors by predicting known modern elevations, and (3) discuss the influence of altitude-dependent environmental factors, other than CO2, on the stomatal frequency that might have the capacity to mask the CO2 partial pressure signal. To test the global applicability of this method in different climate regimes and latitudes, intrageneric and interspecific variability in elevational response is assessed for a tropical everwet ( Quercus costaricensis, Q. copeyensis), temperate winterwet ( Quercus kelloggii) and a temperate everwet climate ( Nothofagus solandri (var. cliffortioides)). Finally, we hope to present the first stomata-based Tertiary paleo-elevation estimates for the western US and compare these to existing reconstructions from alternative paleo-elevation proxies.