Coronal abnormal heating by turbulent or solitary alfven waves

In the corona, the temperature about is for 10^6(K)with two orders of magnitude greater than that of chromosphere. the abnormal heating by turbulent or solitary Alfven waves is one of an important heating machanisms.The Alfven wave turbulence can be excited by a change and fluctuation of magnetic field or an anisotropy distribution in the temperature of ions. When the thermal velocity of particles is close by the phase velocity of Alfven wave, the wave energy can be absorbed by a large number of particles and turbulent heating turn out to be more important than the acceleration of separate particles. When thermal energy density n_e T_e is much less than that energy density{Δ B^2} Δ B^2 {8π }}}. 8π of Alfven waves, the solitary Alfven waves can be excited. Its heating power is many greater than that of Alfven wave turbulence.