Near-infrared fluorescence contrast-enhanced imaging with area illumination and area detection: the forward imaging problem
Abstract
Fluorescence frequency-domain photon migration measurements were acquired from tissue phantoms, each containing a fluorescent target, by means of area illumination and area detection on the same surface and for the first time, to our knowledge, compared with predictions computed with a numerical solution to the coupled photon diffusion equations. We accomplished area illumination and area detection using a planar, intensity-modulated excitation light source and a gain-modulated intensified charge-coupled device camera, respectively. A 1-ml vessel containing 1-μm solution of Indocyanine Green in 1% Liposyn was immersed 1 cm deep in each 512-ml tissue phantom. For most tissue phantoms, the background surrounding the 1-ml target was composed of Liposyn solution containing Indocyanine Green or 3,3'-Diethylthiatricarbocyanine Iodide such that the target-to-background ratio of fluorescence yield was >=10:1. Measurements of fluorescence modulation amplitude and phase were predicted with a mean error ranging from 10.1% to 13.6% and 0.56° to 1.72°, respectively. These numbers are similar to those obtained by use of single-pixel frequency-domain photon migration techniques and validate the potential use of area illumination and area detection for biomedical imaging of tissues. Results also demonstrate that target-to-background ratios of fluorescence yield and fluorescence lifetime significantly affect target detectability.
- Publication:
-
Applied Optics
- Pub Date:
- July 2003
- DOI:
- 10.1364/AO.42.004125
- Bibcode:
- 2003ApOpt..42.4125T
- Keywords:
-
- fluorescence spectroscopy;
- infrared imaging;
- frequency-domain analysis;
- biological tissues;
- biological techniques;
- CCD image sensors;
- measurement errors