Polarized H, D and 3He targets for particle physics experiments
Abstract
The development, in the early 1960s, of the dynamic nuclear polarization scheme in solid diamagnetic materials, doped with paramagnetic radicals, led to the use of solid polarized H and D targets in numerous nuclear and particle physics experiments. In the 1980s this well established technology was supplemented by the developments of polarized H, D and 3He gas targets, fed by atomic beams or by optically pumped gas. Since then steady progress has been made in all contributing sub-systems so that proton polarization values around 90% and deuteron as well as 3He polarization values between 40% and 85% have been routinely achieved in various setups. These polarization values have been measured with a relative accuracy of ±5% or better using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and other improved polarimetry methods. Many experiments with reasonably high luminosities have taken advantage of these developments and many more are being planned, especially with electromagnetic probes.
- Publication:
-
Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
- Pub Date:
- 2002
- DOI:
- 10.1016/S0146-6410(02)00159-X
- Bibcode:
- 2002PrPNP..49..403G