Modelling the spin pulse profile of the isolated neutron star RX J0720.4-3125 observed with XMM-Newton

We model the spin pulse intensity and hardness ratio profiles of the isolated neutron star RX J0720.4-3125 using XMM-Newton data. The observed variation is approximately sinusoidal with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 15%, and the hardness ratio is softest slightly before flux maximum. By using polar cap models we are able to derive maximum polar cap sizes and acceptable viewing geometries. The inferred sizes of the caps turn out to be more compatible with a scenario in which the neutron star is heated by accretion, and place limits on the magnetic field strength. The hardness ratio modulation can then be explained in terms of energy-dependent beaming effects, and this constrains the acceptable models of the emerging radiation to cases in which softer photons are more strongly beamed than harder photons. An alternative explanation in terms of spatially variable absorption co-rotating in the magnetosphere is also discussed. Based on observations obtained with $XMM$-$Newton$, an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and the USA (NASA).