Bose-Einstein Condensation with Internal Degrees of Freedom in Alkali Atom Gases
Abstract
The Bogoliubov theory is extended to a Bose-Einstein condensation withinternal degrees of freedom, realized recently in 23Na gases whereseveral hyperfine statesare simultaneously cooled optically. Starting with a Hamiltonianconstructed from general gauge and spin rotation symmetry principles,fundamental equations for condensate are derived. The ground state wheretime reversal symmetry is broken in some cases and low-lying collectivemodes, e.g. spin and density wave modes, are discussed. Novel vortexas a topological defect can be created experimentally.
- Publication:
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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
- Pub Date:
- June 1998
- DOI:
- 10.1143/JPSJ.67.1822
- arXiv:
- arXiv:cond-mat/9803160
- Bibcode:
- 1998JPSJ...67.1822O
- Keywords:
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- Condensed Matter
- E-Print:
- 4 pages, 1 eps figure