Charge states of fast heavy ions in glancing collisions with aligned atoms in single crystals

Spectroscopy of ion-induced secondary electrons emitted from single crystals allows observation of high-energy shadowing which is the initial stage of ion channeling. The high-energy shadowing effect is sensitive to short-range (∼ 0.1 Å) screening of the ion's nuclear charge by inner-shell electrons and, accordingly, reflects the charge states of the ions moving in the crystal. This article reports recent progress in the study of charge states of MeV/u ions in glancing collisions with crystal atoms.