The role of mantle plumes in continental breakup: case histories from Gondwanaland

After thirty years of plate-tectonic theory, the reasons why supercontinents disintegrate and disperse to form smaller continental plates remain enigmatic. Possible causes range from abnormally hot mantle upwellings, or plumes, to changes in plate-boundary driving forces. The breakup of the Gondwanaland super-continent, which started about 180 million years ago, provides an excellent case history against which to test models.