Quantum dots

The principles of quantum confinement and the development of nanofabrication techniques whereby electrons can be confined to planes, lines, and quantum dots are reviewed. In particular, attention is given to the production of the first quantum wells and quantum barriers, zero-dimensional quantum confinement, production of lithographic quantum dots, controlling surface effects, production of dot arrays by the grid method, and electrostatic squeezing. The potential applications of quantum-confinement devices are discussed.