Isotopic and chemical constraints on mantle-crust evolution

A formalism for the general treatment of three-layer mantle-crust evolution models is presented and various published models are shown to be special cases of this more general model. The Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf, and Rb-Sr isotopic present day mass balance for the continental crust-depleted mantle system is consistent with ~30% of the mantle being depleted. A growth curve for the continental crust is calculated on the basis of total inversion of the Sm-Nd isotopic data for all of Earth history. The curve suggests that by about 3.8 Ga ago, ~40% of the present continental volume was present. Both the estimated continental recycling and addition rates show maxima around 3.0 Ga. The resulting continental addition rates are also very high 4.5-4.0 Ga ago and during the Phanerozoic. The Sm-Nd data are not compatible with a steady state model for the crust over the past 2-3 Ga. The major uncertainty in evaluating crust-mantle evolution models is the extent of exchange between the upper and lower mantle.