Transhorizon propagation of ultrashort radio waves above the sea (Review)

The paper reviews theoretical and experimental studies of the transhorizon propagation of ultrashort radio waves in the atmospheric boundary layer. Specifically, attention is given to the structure of the refractive index in the atmospheric boundary layer, the parabolic-equation approximation for the stratified inhomogeneous troposphere, wave propagation in the surface tropospheric waveguide, the effect of elevated inversions of the refractive index on the formation of the ultrashort-wave field in the transhorizon region, and the effect of large-scale anisotropic components in the refractive-index fluctuation spectrum on the level of a transhorizon ultrashort-wave signal.