Redshift Asymmetries in Systems of Galaxies and the Missing Mass

Redshift asymmetries were used to study contamination by optical companions in binary galaxy samples, with Karachentsev's sample found to be relatively free of these contaminants. Redshift asymmetries were also used to study the dynamical state of groups and clusters of galaxies, revealing that groups are composed of an expanding population. With regard to clusters, a massive central binary dominates the Coma Cluster, making it dynamically unstable, noting that other rich clusters have similar massive cores and are largely unbound. Coma Cluster models with much missing mass were found to be improbable. This missing mass problem exmined in detail, with attention focussed on Karachentsev's binary galaxies, rotation curves of spiral galaxies, dwarf companions of the Milky Way Galaxy, the dynamically unstable state of galaxy groups and clusters, and the cosmic virial theorem. The cosmological density parameter was estimated at 0.02, concluding that galaxies, and clusters of galaxies are not missing mass in large enough amounts to close the universe.