Multiple time-scale methods in particle simulations of plasmas

Advances in the application of multiple time-scale methods to particle simulation of collective phenomena in plasmas are reported. The methods dramatically improve the efficiency of simulating low-frequency kinetic behavior by allowing the use of a large timestep, while retaining accuracy. The numerical schemes provide selective damping of unwanted high-frequency waves and pressure numerical stability in a variety of physics models: electrostatic, magnetoinductive, Darwin and fully electromagnetic. Hybrid simulation models, the implicit moment-equation method, the direct implicit method, orbit averaging, and subcycling are reviewed.