Quasi-static electromagnetic fields due to dipole antennas in bounded conducting media

Several techniques are employed to model dipole fields in a two-layer dissipative medium. The upper layer is assumed lossless, the lower lossy. Attention is limited to solutions of integrals over the vertical field by quasi-static approximation (QSA), steepest descent image-source (SDIS), residue and hybrid solution approaches. A comparison of the solutions with experimental data delineates the realms of effectiveness for each computational technique: QSA is good for frequencies below 100 kHz and measurements of less than 1/30 wavelength; SDIS is valid at high frequencies on thick layers; and, normal mode residue is applicable for low frequency thin layers. Finally, intermediate conditions require all three techniques.