Near-millimeter-wave sources of radiation

There are three basic types of near-millimeter wave (NMMW) sources, including solid-state sources such as Gunn and IMPATT diodes, vacuum-tube sources, and laser sources. The vacuum-tube sources include klystrons, magnetrons, and gyrotrons. The technology in areas related to all three types of sources has been advancing rapidly during the past ten years. Thus, tubes such as the extended interaction oscillator (EIO), the backward-wave oscillator (BWO), or carcinotron, and the gyrotron are being rapidly improved. It is pointed out that the usefulness of both tube and solid-state sources has been greatly enhanced by improved methods of phase and frequency control. Attention is given to IMPATT oscillators, Gunn oscillators, TUNNETT and MITATT oscillators, harmonic generators, power combining methods for NMMW solid-state sources, the magnetron, the reflex klystron, the EIO, the extended interaction amplifier, the BWO, the TWT, the gyrotron, relativistic electron-beam devices, and the Ledatron.