Trajectories of radio waves in linear layer with isometric inhomogeneities

The trajectories of radio waves in a statistically nonhomogeneous medium such as a linear ionospheric layer are estimated, taking into account their perturbation by local inhomogeneities. Assuming that the trajectories do remain in the plane of incidence, the deviation of the most probable trajectory from its unperturbed path in accordance with Snell's law is calculated for three models of wave diffusion as a Markov process (D- diffusion). The results are useful for design and operation of radio communication lines, calculation of the maximum usable frequency, and other applications.