An analysis of counterradiation effects in the discrete traveling-wave tube approximation

It is shown analytically that in traveling-wave tubes with a slow-wave structure in the form of a series of coupled resonators, counterwaves narrow the desynchronization regions and limit the amplification of the sections. For sections shorter than the limit, single-wave approximations can be used. Coupling resistances are estimated from experimentally determined amplitude characteristics for the continuous and discrete approximations.