The effect of external convection on freezing in steady turbulent flow in a tube

An analysis is presented of the turbulent flow heat transfer and frozen deposit which occur in a tube that is cooled convectively on its external boundary sufficiently to create an internal frozen layer. The effects of Biot number, Prandtl number and inlet and outside temperatures on the initial freeze-free zone within the tube are shown. Additionally, the thickness profile of the freeze layer and the overall heat transfer rate which occur at steady state are determined and illustrated for a variety of representative cases.